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1.形式主语
形式主语通常是指it做形式主语的情况。在翻译时,我们一般都将其处理为固定词组,置于句首。形式主语分为以下两种:
⑴It is+v-ed that
①It is said that....,译为:据说...;②It is reported that....据报道....;③It is estimated that...据估计....;④
It is suggested that...据建议....;⑤It must be admitted that…必须承认...;⑥It should be realized that....应该意识到...;⑦
It can be found that...可以发现...;⑧It is agreed that...大家一致认为....;⑨It can not be denied that….不能否认...;⑩It may be said without fear of exaggeration that…毫不夸张的说....
⑵It is +adj that
It is clear/certain/natural/necessary that… ...是很明显/很肯定的/很自然/很有必要的。例如:
①It is strange that she should have failed to see her own shortcomings.奇怪的是,她并没有看到自己的缺点。②In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say, "United we stand, divided we fall". 在应对如此规模的挑战时,可以毫不夸张的说“团结则存,分裂则亡。”
2.倒装结构
为了强调句子中的某一个成分,所以要将这一成分倒装到句子之前。那么在翻译的时候我们要先将倒装句还原成正常语序,然后按照正常语序进行翻译。例如:
Never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations.这个句子明显的是一个倒装句,never before位于句首采用部分倒装,所以将谓语放在主语之前,还原成正常语序就是: It has never before served so much to connect different peoples and nations.翻译成中文就是:它从来没有连接过那么多不同的民族或国家。
3.并列结构
并列结构是指将句子中不同的成分,运用连接词把它们并列起来的结构。最常见的连接词是 and, or, but, 还有并列结构:whether…or…;either…or…;both…and…;neither…nor…;not only…but also…在翻译的时候,我们通常就按照句子的正常语序进行翻译。例如:There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.这句话按照原文的语序可以翻译为:关于方法论指的是历史研究中的特有概念,还是适合于历史调查不同分支的研究方法,大家并未达成一致意见。
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