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Parenting tips obtained from hunter-gatherers in Africa may be the key to raising more contented children, researchers have suggested. The idea is based on studies of communities such as the Kung of Botswana, where each child is cared for by many adults. Kung children as young as four will help to look after younger ones, and "baby-wearing", in which infants are carried in slings, is considered the norm.

According to Dr. Nikhil Chaudhary, an evolutionary anthropologist at Cambridge University, these practices, known as alloparenting, could lead to less anxiety for both children and parents.

Dr. Annie Swanepoel, a child psychiatrist, believes that there are ways to incorporate them into western life. In Germany, one scheme has paired an old people's home with a nursery. The residents help to look after the children, an arrangement akin to alloparenting. Another measure could be encouraging friendships between children in different school years to mimic the supervised mixed-age playgroups in hunter-gatherer communities.

In a paper published in the Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, researchers said that the western nuclear family was a recent invention that broke with evolutionary history. This abrupt shift to an "intensive mothering narrative" which suggests that mothers should manage child care alone, was likely to have been harmful. "Such narratives can lead to maternal exhaustion and have dangerous consequences," they wrote.

By contrast, in hunter-gatherer societies, adults other than the parents can provide almost half of a child's care. One previous study looked at the people of the Democratic Republic of Congo. It found that infants had an average of 14 alloparents a day by the time they were 18 weeks old and were passed between caregivers eight times an hour.

Chaudhary said that parents now had less child care support from family and social networks than during most of human evolutionary history, but introducing additional caregivers could reduce stress and maternal depression, which could have a 'knock-on' benefit to a child's wellbeing. An infant born into a hunter-gatherer society could have more than ten caregivers - this contrasts starkly with nursery settings in the UK where regulations can allow for a ratio of one carer to four children aged two to three.

While hunter-gatherer children learn from observation and imitation in mixed-age playgroups, researchers said that western "instructive teaching", where pupils are asked to sit still, could contribute to conditions such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Chaudhary said that Britain should explore the possibility that older siblings helping their parents might also enhance their own social development.

According to the first two paragraphs, alloparenting refers to thepractice of___________

26.According to the first two paragraphs, alloparenting refers to thepractice of

Asharing childcare among community members

B.assigning babies to specific adult categories

C.teaching parenting skills to older children

D.carrying infants around by their parents

27.The scheme in Germany is mentioned to illustrate

A.an attempt to facilitate intergenerational communication

B.an approach to integrating into western society

C the conventional parenting style in western culture

the differences between western and African ways of living

28. According to paragraph 4, the ��intensive mothering narrative