2017考研：英语（一）新题型考点考向点睛

考研英语来源：万学海文 2016-12-16　

一、炙热题型--排序题考前得分要领

段落排序题仍然是今年的备考重点，全部做对该题目的可能性微乎其微，所以就需要讲究方法，在考场上多快好省的确保拿到6～8分。拿分要领为：答对首段（如果没有给）和第二段，以及已知段后面的一段，即对2-3个，剩下的，不要做了，直接选一个肯定入选但不确定排哪里的答案。
【解题步骤】
1．阅读已经固定的段落
如果固定段落是首末段，那么通过阅读首末段就可以得知整个文章的主旨大意，还要注意将已经确定的两个选项从卷子上划去，防止引起不必要的混乱；如果是首段+中间段，那也可以知道大意和文章部分内容信息。
但是，如果首段没有要先选出首段。 2．如何选首段首段的特点： 1）首句不含有代词，不含有总结性、过渡性词（转折、因果、顺延等） 2）一般不含有最高级、第一或最后意思的词语，因为首段没有比较的对象。 3．阅读选项，尤其是首尾句。给段落作初步的位置预知和组块考生做不到一次性排出来，能排出来的就排，一时定不了的，做如下工作： 1）位置预知：含so, conclude等表示结束的词，可能作为尾段。但是也要警惕未必，总之还是要综合看。
2）组块：
有些段一看就觉得应该一个前一个后，比如A段末提到... there are two branches.F段末提到了，the first one is...。那么A和F就属于明显的总分关系，应该前后连贯。
例如2010年的E段末出现了
[E]... at the same sluggish pace as the retail market, but the figures, when added together, mask two opposing trends.而A段开头则是
[A] The first and more important is the consumer's growing preference for eating out: consumption of food and drink in places other than homes has risen from about...
所以明显的顺序是E >A。
3）精确排列各个段落的顺序，利用其它关联词进行验证。
【例题】2014年
Directions:
The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs A and E have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
[A] Some archaeological sites have always been easily observable - for example, the Parthenon in Athens, Greece; the pyramids of Giza in Egypt; and the megaliths of Stonehenge in southern England. But these sites are exceptions to the norm. Most archaeological sites have been located by means of careful searching, while many others have been discovered by accident. Olduvai Gorge, an early hominid site in Tanzania, was found by a butterfly hunter who literally fell into its deep valley in 1911. Thousands of Aztec artifacts came to light during the digging of the Mexico City subway in the 1970s.
[B] In another case, American archaeologists René Million and George Cowgill spent years systematically mapping the entire city of Teotihuacán in the Valley of Mexico near what is now Mexico City. At its peak around AD 600, this city was one of the largest human settlements in the world. The researchers mapped not only the city's vast and ornate ceremonial areas, but also hundreds of simpler apartment complexes where common people lived.
[C] How do archaeologists know where to find what they are looking for when there is nothing visible on the surface of the ground? Typically, they survey and sample (make test excavations on) large areas of terrain to determine where excavation will yield useful information. Surveys and test samples have also become important for understanding the larger landscapes that contain archaeological sites.
[D] Surveys can cover a single large settlement or entire landscapes. In one case, many researchers working around the ancient Maya city of Copán, Honduras, have located hundreds of small rural villages and individual dwellings by using aerial photographs and by making surveys on foot. The resulting settlement maps show how the distribution and density of the rural population around the city changed dramatically between AD 500 and 850, when Copán collapsed.
[E] To find their sites, archaeologists today rely heavily on systematic survey methods and a variety of high-technology tools and techniques. Airborne technologies, such as different types of radar and photographic equipment carried by airplanes or spacecraft, allow archaeologists to learn about what lies beneath the ground without digging. Aerial surveys locate general areas of interest or larger buried features, such as ancient buildings or fields.
[F] Most archaeological sites, however, are discovered by archaeologists who have set out to look for them. Such searches can take years. British archaeologist Howard Carter knew that the tomb of the Egyptian pharaoh Tutankhamun existed from information found in other sites. Carter sifted through rubble in the Valley of the Kings for seven years before he located the tomb in 1922. In the late 1800s British archaeologist Sir Arthur Evans combed antique dealers' stores in Athens, Greece. He was searching for tiny engraved seals attributed to the ancient Mycenaean culture that dominated Greece from the 1400s to 1200s BC. Evans's interpretations of these engravings eventually led him to find the Minoan palace at Knossos (Knosós), on the island of Crete, in 1900.
[G] Ground surveys allow archaeologists to pinpoint the places where digs will be successful. Most ground surveys involve a lot of walking, looking for surface clues such as small fragments of pottery. They often include a certain amount of digging to test for buried materials at selected points across a landscape. Archaeologists also may locate buried remains by using such technologies as ground radar, magnetic-field recording, and metal detectors. Archaeologists commonly use computers to map sites and the landscapes around sites. Two- and three-dimensional maps are helpful tools in planning excavations, illustrating how sites look, and presenting the results of archaeological research.
41. → A → 42. → E → 43. → 44. → 45.

【解题步骤】
1.精读首段：
本题没有给出首段，需要考生先判断。具体方法要根据下步每段开头的关键词而定。
2.通读段首尾，模块组合+位置预知。
根据上述的八大方法，找出各个段落段首/尾的关联词，具体分布为：
[A] Some archaeological sites
[B] In another case(明显代词+名词)
[C] How.....?
[D] ... in one case
[E] ...find their sites....
[F] most archaeological sites, however
根据如上的关键词，考生首先能判断出来的是D和B的关系，根据代词应该是D>B。根据题干的矩阵41. → A → 42. → E → 43. → 44. → 45.
D>B肯定不能让在41或者42，肯定是43，44,45中的两个。因此首段的可能性只能是C和G中的一个。而C句首又是明显的用特殊疑问句提出问题，符合首段的特点。
D和B的特点是one和another的代词关系发生连贯。类似的连贯词还有one-the other,其复数形式是some - others，同样some和others会有些类似的同义词替换。根据这个原理，A和F也是前后关联A>F。因此42选F。
最后三个空。E的开头提到了on systematic survey，各种研究调查。E的段落也提到了Aerial surveys（航空研究，空中研究）而G的开头则提到了ground survey（地面研究），正好是总分关系，所以顺序为E>G。因为43-45是GDB。所以答案为
CFGDB

二、炙热题型--完型填句（段）考前得分要领

【解题步骤】
第一步：找出各选项的关联词
第二步：将代词后面指代的内容还原回文章，进行匹配。
【解题技巧】
第一，选项中出现时间年代时，往往要注意与原文中年代的前后对应关系。
第二，选项中出现代词时，该选项往往不能放在首句，要能分辨出该代词所指的内容：it可指代前面的单数名词或整个句子；they或them指代前面的复数名词；one指代前面的单数可数名词；that指代前面的不可数名词或句子；this指代前面的单数名词或句子。
第三，将选项与原文对比时，与原文重复或同义改写的字越多的往往就是正确选项。
第四，做完型填句（段）题时不用按顺序做，先做简单的后做难的，注意寻找上下文中的关键信息。
【例题】2013年
The social sciences are flourishing. As of 2005, there were almost half a million professional social scientists from all fields in the world, working both inside and outside academia. According to the World Social Science Report 2010, the number of social-science students worldwide has swollen by about 11% every year since 2000.
Yet this enormous resource in not contributing enough to today's global challenges including climate change, security, sustainable development and health.(41)______Humanity has the necessary agro-technological tools to eradicate hunger , from genetically engineered crops to artificial fertilizers . Here , too, the problems are social: the organization and distribution of food, wealth and prosperity.
(42)____This is a shame-the community should be grasping the opportunity to raise its influence in the real world. To paraphrase the great social scientist Joseph Schumpeter: there is no radical innovation without creative destruction.
Today, the social sciences are largely focused on disciplinary problems and internal scholarly debates, rather than on topics with external impact. Analyses reveal that the number of papers including the keywords "environmental changed" or "climate change" have increased rapidly since 2004,(43)____.
When social scientists do tackle practical issues, their scope is often local: Belgium is interested mainly in the effects of poverty on Belgium for example .And whether the community's work contributes much to an overall accumulation of knowledge is doubtful.
The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding (44)____this is an adequate amount so long as it is aimed in the right direction. Social scientists who complain about a lack of funding should not expect more in today's economic climate.
The trick is to direct these funds better. The European Union Framework funding programs have long had a category specifically targeted at social scientists. This year, it was proposed that system be changed: Horizon 2020, a new program to be enacted in 2014, would not have such a category. This has resulted in protests from social scientists. But the intention is not to neglect social science; rather, the complete opposite. (45)____That should create more collaborative endeavors and help to develop projects aimed directly at solving global problems.
[A] It could be that we are evolving two communities of social scientists: one that is discipline-oriented and publishing in highly specialized journals, and one that is problem-oriented and publishing elsewhere, such as policy briefs.
[B] However, the numbers are still small: in 2010, about 1,600 of the 100,000 social-sciences papers published globally included one of these Keywords.
[C] the idea is to force social to integrate their work with other categories, including health and demographic change food security, marine research and the bio-economy, clear, efficient energy; and inclusive, innovative and secure societies.
[D] the solution is to change the mindset of the academic community, and what it considers to be its main goal. Global challenges and social innovation ought to receive much more attention from scientists, especially the young ones.
[E] These issues all have root causes in human behavior. All require behavioral change and social innovations, as well as technological development. Stemming climate change, for example, is as much about changing consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is about developing clean energy.
[F] Despite these factors, many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems. And in Europe, some are up in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding category for social-science research and to integrate it within cross-cutting topics of sustainable development.
[G] During the late 1990s, national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage of all research and development funds-including government, higher education, non-profit and corporate -varied from around 4% to 25%; in most European nations , it is about 15%.

【解题步骤】
1. 找选项关键词
[A] two communities: one that is …and one that is …
[B] the numbers, 2010, these Keywords.
[C] the idea is, integrate their work
[D] the solution
[E] These issues, Stemming climate change, for example ,
[F] these factors, such problems .
[G]funds, 4% to 25%; 15%.
2. 关键词匹配文章
[B] the numbers ,2010, these Keywords.匹配到43空前的number和Keywords.
[C] the idea is,integrate their work匹配到45空前的idea和collaborate
[E] These issues, Stemming climate change , for example。利用for example可以匹配到41空前的原词，these issues可以匹配到including后面的许多因素。
[F] these factors, such problems. 利用such problems匹配到42空前的problems，these factors匹配到前面的冒号后的内容。
[G] funds, 4% to 25%; 15%.匹配到44空后的that is …amount。