考研英语基础阶段常见疑难知识点精析

考研英语来源：中青在线 2011-05-06　

单词:熟练掌握基础词汇,基本掌握核心词汇。背单词重在遵循记忆规律,循环记忆,多重复几遍,从而彻底攻克考研词汇。

语法:熟练掌握考研英语常考的核心语法知识点。能够划清长难句句子结构,抓住句子重心和主干,基本理解句意;还要学会使用一些写作常用句型。

阅读理解:进行一定量的精读,初步认识考研阅读理解题目的特点,注意对文中长难句的分析和基础词的引申义的把握。读懂每篇文章,找到读懂文章的乐趣和方法,克服畏难情绪;积累和理解各种背景知识;通过做题训练分析问题和逻辑推理的能力。

完形填空:通过完形填空巩固词汇和语法,同时熟悉英语文章上下文逻辑。

以上是对于基础阶段的宏观总结,下面我们对一些考研英语常见疑难知识点进行精析:

1、从句中缺主语或宾语的时候,且先行词前有the only, the very等修饰时,只能用关系代词that引导该定语从句。

Shanghai is the very place that the foreigners are eager to visit.

从句中缺状语时,从句应该用关系副词或者介词+关系代词来引导。

Then the great day came when he was to march past the palace in the parade.

I will show you the store in which you may buy all you need.

2、介词after与look构成的固定词组中,介词after不可前置,再如:look at, look for, take care of等。

The babies whom the nurses look after are very healthy.

3、动词不定式和动名词的区别

动词不定式和动名词都可以用作主语,在意义上相近。但动名词多用来表示泛指或抽象动作,不定式多用来表示特指或具体动作。不定式作表语表示具体动作或将来动作,动名词作表语表示抽象的一般行为。

4、现在分词、过去分词、动名词、不定式作定语的区别

1)作前置定语的情况。现在分词、过去分词、动名词可以作前置定语,而不定式不能作前置定语。如:

① a developing country, a developed country; boiling water, boiled water

现在分词一般具有主动、进行的特点,而过去分词一般则具有被动、完成的特点。a developing country=a country which is developing (发展中国家 );boiled water=water which has been boiled;a developed country=a country which has developed(发达国家)。但有一种特殊情况,过去分词有时也表示主动、完成,如a developed country=a country which has developed,a sunken ship=a ship which has sunken。

② building materials, a swimming pool

动名词作定语时,表示所修饰名词的功能:building materials=materials that are used to build houses;a swimming pool=a pool that is used to swim

2)作后置定语的情况,不定式、现在分词、过去分词都能作后置定语,不同的是:不定式作定语,表示动作正要进行(未发生);现在分词作定语,表示动作正在进行(正在发生);过去分词作定语,表示动作已完成(已发生)。

5、现在分词完成时与现在分词的进行时

现在分词完成时having done,

Having lived in Beijing for quite a few years, Mr. Park had little difficulty understanding Chinese.

现在分词的进行时being done

The editorial being written now will appear in tomorrow's newspaper.

6、whatever和no matter what区别

whatever和 no matter what在句中引导让步状语从句时可以互换,如:

Whatever/ No matter what subject we talked about, it seemed that he was expert at it.

We will carry the reform to the end whatever/ no matter what happens.

二者的区别是:no matter what只能引导让步状语从句,不能引导名词性从句(如主语从句,宾语从句);whatever既可以引导状语从句,又可以引导名词性从句。

Whatever words I use can't express my appreciation of your timely help.

(whatever引导主语从句,因此不能用no matter what替换)

Some college students are seen doing whatever work they can find to support themselves.

(whatever引导宾语从句,不能用no matter what替换)

7、名词从句的功能相当于名词词组,它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等。名词性从句使用正常语序。

The manager came over and asked the customer how the quarrel had come about.

(how the quarrel had come about作ask的宾语,使用陈述句语序)

What引导名词性从句,在从句中作主语或者宾语,that引导名词性从句,在从句中不充当成分。

Energy is what makes things work.(what在从句中作主语,如将what换为that,则从句缺主语)

下边给分析几个同学们认为比较难的句子:

1. Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition.

为了强调句子某一部分,或为了保持句子平衡,避免头重脚轻,英语常采用倒装方法。倒装可分为完全倒装和部分倒装。该句使用了完全倒装。正常语序是The picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition is emerging from the 1980 census.

2. This, ministers believe, is the best way to accelerate the corporate restructuring begun in the wake of the Asian financial crisis in 1997, and to clear the way for more sustainable economic growth.

句子主干是this is the best way,是系表结构,两个不定式结构to accelerate …和to clear the way…是两个并列的不定式短语作way的定语。begun in the wake of the Asian financial crisis in 1997是过去分词作定语,修饰restructuring,可以将其改为定语从句:the corporate restructuring that was begun in the wake of the Asian financial crisis in 1997。这里begin用作及物动词。

3. When invited for a second interview, go prepared by using your notes and feedback from the interview to zero in on what the company wants.

主句是祈使句,prepared作go的补语,zero in on向……集中火力(或注意力),对准。to zero in on是不定式作目的状语。

4. For example, we know that the statement commonly accepted when the first edition of this book was printed, that life was altogether absent in the deeper parts of the sea, is not true.

第一个that引导宾语从句,作know的宾语,该宾语从句的主干是the statement is not true;句中过去分词accepted作定语,修饰the statement;第二个that引导同位语从句,解释说明statement的内容。

5. Among the advantages that future biochips, or “living computers”, would have over conventional semiconductor chips are that they are smaller, they do not generate as much heat, and they allow for the parallel processing of information, making them faster than today's semiconductor devices.

这是一个倒装句。句子的主干是:Among the advantages are that…主语是以that引导的三个并列句:they are smaller, they do…heat和they allow…information,谓语动词是are, among…conventional semiconductor chips是表语。that future…conventional semiconductor chips是advantages的定语从句。介词over是advantages所要求的。as much heat是与conventional semiconductor chips比较而言的。allow for意为“可以供……之用”。making…devices修饰主语中的第三个句子,与前面两个无关。该句的翻译可采用两种方法:are前面的部分用逆序法,后面的部分用顺序法。译文:未来生物芯片,或者说“活的电脑”与传统集成电路相比的优点在于,它们体积更小,产生的热量更少,能够同时处理并行信息,这些特点使它比当前的半导体装置速度更快。

除了知识性的问题,再帮大家总结一些学习方法的问题:

1、发现自己比别人用功,为什么成绩总不太理想?

这是一个很宽泛的问题,必须认真思考分析,看问题出在哪个细节上,以备对症下药。

考试比较关键的因素有两点:一是知识深度,二是综合素质。平时大家只是注重知识的积累,却忽视了个人素质(包括逻辑推理能力,总结概括能力,心理素质,记忆力等)。既然自己已经很用心的在学习,就需要在综合素质方面加大些力度,尤其是逻辑推理及总结概括能力。如,读完一篇文章后,不能头脑一片空白,需要在很短的时间内感知文章主要内容,即使有个别句子看不懂,也要通过上下文来理解,总结出大意。如果担心很快忘记,那就在卷子的空白地方用只言片语(符号也可,如赞成就用∨,只要自己能看懂)记下瞬间的想法。养成习惯之后就不会再出现读了跟没读一样的情况了。对于做错的题,对完答案后先想做错原因,然后再看解析,看您的思路跟答案解析是否一致。多做总结,对不同的问题归类,如哪些题是在两者之间徘徊后选错的,您常倾向于选哪种答案;哪些题一点眉目都没有;能否选对作者观点态度等主旨题。相信经过用心总结,总会发现一些问题,找到一些规律,对考研阅读的了解会更为深入。

完型主要考查两方面,词汇和逻辑能力。做完题后,分析一下您的错题中二者各占多少,如果是词汇错得多,那就耐心地总结,相信量变会发生质变的。如果总是因为思路问题,就把空填上,自己通读两遍,每到转折处想一下思路和作者不一致的原因,多思考就会有一定收获。

2、新题型和作文为什么还不开始练习?

许多同学开始关注新题型和作文,相对来讲,为时过早。新题型实质是就是完型填段,要做好新题型,要求有上下文逻辑联系能力及总结能力。而且前提是语法词汇有一定基础,因此新题型不宜放在前期训练。只有打好基础,并通过做阅读和完型的练习,锻炼逻辑思维能力和总结能力,以后做新题型才会得心应手。

考研作文有其特点,如大作文是图画/图表作文而非四、六级话题作文,小作文注重格式等问题,现阶段(除了考试外)不要求大家大规模练习作文。因为只要打好了基础,通过后期的强化训练,作文比较容易提分。因此建议大家平时多练习写单个句子,如在学习中,遇到比较好的句型可以记下来,看到表达性强的词汇可以试着做句子,以替换自己常用的初级词汇,体会小作文的语言风格等等。扎实的语言基本功加上后期写作专向课程及练习,相信您一定能轻松攻克考研作文。