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MBA联考英语阅读理解事实信息型命题与解题思路
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发表于 2011-10-13 14:13
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事实信息型命题与解题思路
1．长难句易出题 事实信息型细节题考察了原文字里行间的细枝末节，如果考生词汇基础较好，通过精读题干定位处很容易推断出原文的事实信息，那么这种题就过于容易解决了，也不符合阅读理解的考试思路。阅读理解中强调理解，阅读只是基础，核心目的是把握原文深刻的含义或隐含的信息。因此在出题思路上事实信息型细节题通常会将定位处的句式复杂化，从而考察学生的语法基础和拆解长难句的技巧，并理解拆分完的句子所传递的信息。因此，长难句的拆分和理解则成为解答事实信息题的关键。 事实信息题细节题的解题思路正确答案是对题干定位处原文的事实信息做句子简化，同义词改写（Paraphrase）或简单的归纳总结（Induction）。 【真题对照】 2011年MBA/MPA/MPAcc联考英语真题 We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War II as a time of prosperity and growth, with soldiers returning home by the millions, going off to college on the G. I. Bill and lining up at the marriage bureaus. But when it came to their houses, it was a time of common sense and a belief that less could truly be more. During the Depression and the war, Americans had learned to live with less, and that restraint, in combination with the postwar confidence in the future, made small, efficient housing positively stylish. The postwar American housing style largely reflected the Americans' . [A] prosperity and growth [B] efficiency and practicality [C] restraint and confidence [D] pride and faithfulness 【词汇应用】 prosperity n. 兴旺，繁荣 stylish adj. 时髦的，流行的 bureaus n. 局，办事处 postwar adj. 战后的 【解析】 The postwar American housing style largely reflected the Americans' . 战后美国人的房屋设计风格大大地反映出了美国人的_______。 [A] prosperity and growth [A] 繁荣与发展 [B] efficiency and practicality [B] 效率和实用性 [C] restraint and confidence [C] 约束力和自信心 [D] pride and faithfulness [D] 骄傲和忠诚 题干中的postwar，American，housing style定位在原文第二段第二句，该句为长难句可以拆分为：During the Depression and the war, Americans had learned to live with less, and that restraint, in combination with the postwar confidence in the future, made small, efficient housing positively stylish。 During……war做时间状语。句子主干是由两个并列成分构成。第一个并列成分是Americans had learned to live with less。第二个并列成分是that restraint，in combination with the postwar confidence in the future，made small，efficient housing positively stylish。主语是that restraint，斜体部分插入语是restraint的后置定语，谓语是made，宾语是small，efficient housing，positively stylish做housing的宾语补足语。 该句的意思是在大萧条和第二次世界大战期间，美国人学会了简约的居住方式，并且这种局限与战后对未来的信心相结合促成了这种小巧节能房屋设计风格。 [A] 选项中的prosperity and growth在原文没有提及。 [B] 选项中的practicality对应原文的Americans had learned to live with less，而efficiency指的是housing而不是美国人思想上的efficiency，因此对应错误。 [C] 选项中的restraint和confidence就是促成这种房屋设计风格的原因，直接对应原文。 [D] 选项中的pride and faithfulness在原文没有提及。 2010年MBA/MPA/MPAcc联考英语真题 Many Americans regard the jury system as a concrete expression of crucial democratic values, including the principles that all citizens who meet minimal qualifications of age and literacy are equally competent to serve on juries; that jurors should be selected randomly from a representative cross section of the community; that no citizen should be denied the right to serve on a jury on account of race, religion, sex, or national origin; that defendants are entitled to trial by their peers; and that verdicts should represent the conscience of the community and not just the letter of the law. The jury is also said to be the best surviving example of direct rather than representative democracy. In a direct democracy, citizens take turns governing themselves, rather than electing representatives to govern for them. From the principles of the US jury system, we learn that ______. [A] both literate and illiterate people can serve on juries [B] defendants are immune from trial by their peers [C] no age limit should be imposed for jury service [D] judgment should consider the opinion of the public 【词汇应用】 concrete adj. 实在的，具体的 competent adj. 有能力的，能胜任的 democratic adj. 民主的 conscience n. 良心 【解析】 From the principles of the US jury system, we learn that ______. 从美国的陪审团系统的规则我们可以看出_______。 [A] both literate and illiterate people can serve on juries [A] 有文化的和没有文化的人都可以担任陪审员 [B] defendants are immune from trial by their peers [B] 被告可以免于被他的同族人审判 [C] no age limit should be imposed for jury service [C] 陪审员没有年龄的限制 [D] judgment should consider the opinion of the public [D] 审判需要考虑公众舆论 题干中的principles of the US jury system定位在原文的第一句，此句长难句拆分为：Many Americans regard the jury system as a concrete expression of crucial democratic values, including the principles that all citizens (who meet minimal qualifications of age and literacy) are equally competent to serve on juries; that jurors should be selected randomly from a representative cross section of the community; that no citizen should be denied the right to serve on a jury on account of race, religion, sex, or national origin; that defendants are entitled to trial by their peers; and that verdicts should represent the conscience of the community and not just the letter of the law。 该句的主语是Many Americans，谓语是regard，宾语是the jury system，as……principles做宾语补足语语。画线部分由5个that引导的并列成分构成共同做principles的同位语从句。答案指向这5个并列的同位语从句。 [A] 选项中的literate对应第一个并列成分中的literacy，原文是minimal qualifications of literacy有最基本的文化水平，与[A]选项中的both literate and illiterate有文化与文盲意思相反。 [B] 选项中的defendants和trial by their peers对应第四个并列成分，原文是are entitled有权利，与[B]选项中的are immune from免除意思相反。 [C] 选项中的age对应第一个并列成分中的age，原文是minimal qualifications of age，与[C]选项中的no limit无限制意思相反。 [D] 选项中的opinion of the public是对原文第五个并列成分中的conscience of the community社区的良心的同义改写。 2009年MBA/MPA/MPAcc联考英语真题 Henric Ibsen ,author of the play“A Doll's House", in which a pretty, helpless housewife abandons Her husband and children to seek a more serious life, would surely have approved. From January 1st, 2008, all public companies in Norway are obliged to ensure that at least 40% of their board directors are women. Most firms have obeyed the law, which was passed in 2003. But about 75 out of the 480 or so companies it affects are still too male for the government's liking. They will shortly receive a letter informing them that they have until the end of February to act, or face the legal consequences——which could include being dissolved. A public company that fails to obey the new law could be forced to ______ . [A] pay a heavy fine [B] close down its business [C] change to a private business [D] sign a document promising to act 【词汇应用】 abandon vt. 离开，丢弃；遗弃，抛弃 consequence n. 结果，后果；重要性，重大 oblige vt. 迫使；使感激 dissolve vt. 使溶解，使融化；解散，结束 obey vt. 服从，顺从 【解析】 A public company that fails to obey the new law could be forced to ______ . 一家公共公司未能遵守新的法律要被迫使______。 [A] pay a heavy fine [A] 付高额的罚金 [B] close down its business [B] 关闭公司，停止营业 [C] change to a private business [C] 改为私营 [D] sign a document promising to act [D] 签订一份文件去执行 题干中的public company定位在原文的第二句，题干中的obey the new law定位在原文最后三句。因此题干中的failed定位在原文第四句but后面，第五句中的they指代第四句中的companies。因此答案指向第五句。该句为一个难句可拆分为：They will shortly receive a letter informing them that they have (until the end of February) to act, or face the legal consequences——which could include being dissolved。 句子主干的主语是they，谓语是will receive，宾语是a letter，informing……dissolved现在分词短语做定语修饰letter，that……dissolved做inform的宾语从句。宾语从句中由包含了由or连接的两个并列成分，第一个并列成分是they have (until the end of February) to act，括号中的until……February时间状语做插入语，句子主干是they have to act。第二个并列成分是face the legal consequences——which could include being dissolved，省略了前句中they做主语，face是谓语，the legal consequences做宾语，which……dissolved定语从句legal consequences。 该句的意思是他们将很快收到一封信通知他们，他们在2月之前不得不行动（遵守上面颁布的法律）或者面临可能包括解散的法律结果。 [A] 选项中的heavy fine原文没有提到，原文只说是legal consequences法律结果，具体是不是罚款无从知晓，因此[A]选项属于过度推理。 [B] 选项中的close down就是dissolve的同义改写，因此[B]选项对应原文是正确选项。 [C] 选项中的private company是无中生有的概念。 [D] 选项中的to act对应第一个并列成分，但是原文没有提到sign a document promising，具体采取行动的方式是签订文件承诺还是其他方式，原文根本没有说。 2．转折后易出题 从文章结构上讲，转折后作者会提出一个新的观点对应旧观点，或者作者对前面提出的内容加以否定，提出作者支持的真实观点。因此转折后是作者真实思想的体现，也是答案的指向所在。 转折表示文章的论述方向发生了改变。转折如果出现在文章开始部分，可能涉及文章主题；转折出现在段落的首尾时，说明了段落之间的关系；转折出现在文章的中间时，可能仅仅涉及两个论述关系的对比。表示转折关系的标志词包括： 标志词 用法 Yet, Rather, Instead,Though 放在句首和句末表示转折（逗号可省略），放在句中有其特殊用法。 Yet, _____ . _____ , yet. Rather, _____ . _____ , rather. Instead, _____ . _____ , instead. Though, _____ . _____ , though. But, However, Nevertheless 与But表示转折用法相同 （续） 标志词 用法 Although, Though，While, Despite, In spite of 让步状语从句的主句表示转折关系 Although_____，(but)______。尽管……但是…… 注意though在句首和句尾表示转折，两个分句的句中表示让步 注意while既可以表示让步也可以表示并列，多用于让步 In fact, Actually, On the other hand 表面意思跟转折没有关系，但是它们的意思都是“实际”上，表示转折 注意on the other hand既可以表示转折也可以表示并列 Today, Now, Nowadays 表面意思跟转折没有关系，但是它们在阅读中不是指具体的时间或现在的时态，而是它们表明作者阐述了一个新的观点，它们之前所阐述的是旧观点。作者论述的重点在新观点上 【真题对照】 2011年MBA/MPA/MPAcc联考英语真题 Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs's board as an outside director in January 2000: a year later she became president of Brown University. For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much eroticism. But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman's compensation committee; how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked? By February the next year Ms. Simmons had left the board. The position was just taking up too much time, she said. According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Simmons was criticized for . [A] gaining excessive profits [B] failing to fulfill her duty [C] refusing to make compromises [D] leaving the board in tough times 【词汇应用】 compensation n. 补偿，赔偿 bonus n. 红利 【解析】 According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Simmons was criticized for . 根据第一段，Simmons小姐被批评是因为_______。 [A] gaining excessive profits [A] 获得超额利润 [B] failing to fulfill her duty [B] 无法履行职责 [C] refusing to make compromises [C] 拒绝妥协 [D] leaving the board in tough times [D] 在艰难时刻离开董事会 题干中的Ms. Simmons和was criticized定位在第三句but之后，题干的was criticized对应原文的under fire。因此答案指向转折后，原文指出Ms.Simmons遭受批评是由于其在Goldman薪酬委员会工作期间，出现了大量没有列入账面的分红而受到指责。 [A] 选项指出得到过多的利润，原文提到的是compensation薪酬而非利润，因此错误。 [B] 选项指出她没有履行自己的职责就是对原文的同样改写。 [C] 选项中的compromises在原文中没有体现。 [D] 选项中tough time在原文中没有体现。 2010年MBA/MPA/MPAcc联考英语真题 In my own research complaints from women about their husbands most often focused not on tangible inequities such as having given up the chance for a career to accompany a husband to his or doing far more than their share of daily life-support work like cleaning cooking social arrangements and errands. Instead they focused on communication: "He doesn't listen to me" "He doesn't talk to me". I found as Hacker observed years before that most wives want their husbands to be first and foremost conversational partners but few husbands share this expectation of their wives. What is most wives' main expectation of their husbands? [A] Talking to them. [B] Trusting them. [C] Supporting their careers. [D] Sharing housework. 【词汇应用】 tangible adj. 可触摸的，实际的，有形的，确凿的 errand n. 差使，差事，跑腿 inequity n. 不公平待遇 【难句解析】 In my own research complaints from women about their husbands most often focused not on tangible inequities such as having given up the chance for a career to accompany a husband to his or doing far more than their share of daily life-support work like cleaning cooking social arrangements and errands. 该句的结构可拆分为：In my own research complaints from women about their husbands most often focused not on tangible inequities (such as having given up the chance for a career to accompany a husband to his or doing far more than their share of daily life-support work like cleaning cooking social arrangements and errands)。 本句比较长，但是我们一定要先找出句子主干，其他成分才能慢慢梳理清楚。首先，在句子开头处in my own research是一个状语成分，意为“在我的研究中”，complaints后面由介词from引导的后置定语成分修饰complaints，表示“来自……的抱怨”，因此我们找到了句子的主语：complaints，most often focused not on……为句子的谓语部分，on的后面即为宾语，但on后面内容比较长，然而核心的内容即为tangible inequities，所以我们分析出句子的主干为：Complaints focused not on tangible equities。后面such as……是对具体的tangible inequities的举例。作者在这里一共举了两个例子，两个例子中间用连词or连接，具体两个例子的内容已用斜体标出。 【解析】 What is most wives' main expectation of their husbands? 绝大多数妻子对他们的丈夫的期望是什么？ [A] Talking to them. [A] 和她们聊天 [B] Trusting them. [B] 信任她们 [C] Supporting their careers. [C] 支持她们的事业 [D] Sharing housework. [D] 帮忙做家务 题干中的most wives定位在第二句instead后一句。题干中的expectation对应原文的want。因此答案指向转折后的第四句。 [A] 选项中的talking是对原文conversational partners同义改写。 [B] 选项中的trusting原文没有体现。 [C] 选项的supporting their careers定位在instead之前，对应原文的having given up the chance for a career to accompany a husband，因此错误。 [D] 选项的sharing housework也定位在instead之前，对应原文的doing far more than their share of daily life-support work like cleaning cooking social arrangements and errands。因此错误。 源自《2012年MBA、MPA、MPAcc联考英语阅读理解专项突破》 |
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